Quizlet Family Nursing What Are the Most Common Causes or Sub Involution of the Uterus?

Overview

In a person with pneumonia, the airways (bronchi) dandy and the air spaces (alveoli) fill with mucus and other fluids.

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of your lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. When there is an infection in the lungs, several things happen, including:

• Your airways swell (become inflamed)
• The air sacs in the lungs fill with mucus and other fluids

How do the lungs work?

Your lungs' main task is to get oxygen into your blood and remove carbon dioxide. This happens during breathing. Yous exhale 12 to twenty times per minute when you are non sick. When you breathe in, air travels downwardly the back of your throat and passes through your voice box and into your windpipe (trachea). Your trachea splits into 2 air passages (bronchial tubes). I bronchial tube leads to the left lung, the other to the right lung. For the lungs to perform their best, the airways need to be open every bit you exhale in and out. Swelling (inflammation) and fungus can brand it harder to move air through the airways, making it harder to breathe. This leads to shortness of jiff, difficulty breathing and feeling more tired than normal.

How common is pneumonia?

Approximately 1 million adults in the United States are hospitalized each year for pneumonia and 50,000 dice from the disease. Information technology is the second most common reason for being admitted to the hospital -- childbirth is number one. Pneumonia is the most common reason children are admitted to the hospital in the Us. Seniors who are hospitalized for pneumonia face a college take a chance of death compared to any of the top x other reasons for hospitalization.

Is pneumonia contagious?

Certain types of pneumonia are contagious (spread from person to person). Pneumonia caused by leaner or viruses can be contagious when the affliction-carrying organisms are breathed into your lungs. However, not everyone who is exposed to the germs that cause pneumonia volition develop it.

Pneumonia caused past fungi are non contagious. The fungi are in soil, which becomes airborne and inhaled, but it is not spread from person to person.

How is pneumonia spread from person to person?

Pneumonia is spread when droplets of fluid containing the pneumonia bacteria or virus are launched in the air when someone coughs or sneezes and then inhaled by others. You tin can also become pneumonia from touching an object previously touched past the person with pneumonia (transferring the germs) or touching a tissue used by the infected person then touching your oral fissure or nose.

How long do I remain contagious if I have pneumonia?

If you have bacterial pneumonia, you are even so considered contagious until about the second twenty-four hours after starting to take antibiotics and you lot no longer accept a fever (if yous had one). If you have viral pneumonia, you are yet considered contagious until you lot feel better and have been free of fever for several days.

Who is most at take chances for getting pneumonia?

People who have an increased risk of pneumonia include:

• People over the historic period of 65 and infants under age 2. The weakening allowed system of older people makes them less able to fight off illnesses. Similarly, the immune organization of infants is still developing and non at full-strength, making them more susceptible to infection.
• People with a health-caused weakened immune system. Examples include:
  • People who are receiving chemotherapy
  • Transplanted organ recipients
  • People who have HIV/AIDS
  • People with autoimmune disease (such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis) and who are taking medications that suppress the immune system.
• People who have health conditions that touch the lungs or eye. Examples include:
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Asthma
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary affliction
  • Emphysema
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Interstitial pneumonia
  • Uncontrolled diabetes
  • Middle disease
  • Sarcoidosis
• People who have neurological conditions that make swallowing difficult. These people are at run a risk for pneumonia caused by aspiration. Examples include:
  • Dementia
  • Parkinson'south disease
  • Stroke
• People who are in the infirmary. In particular, people in the ICU or anyone recovering who spends a large amounts of time lying on their backs. This position allows fluids, fungus or germs to settle in the lungs. People who demand ventilators to breathe are at even greater chance since they have a difficult time coughing up germs that could cause a lung infection.
• People who smoke or drink alcohol. Smoking damages lung tissue and long-term alcohol abuse weakens the allowed system.
• People who are exposed to toxic fumes, chemicals or secondhand fume. These contaminants weaken lung function and make it easier to develop a lung infection.
• Meaning women. Existence pregnant increases the risk of developing pneumonia. This is due to the immune system of a mother not working at full strength considering the body is working harder to back up the growth of the baby.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be caused past a wide multifariousness of bacteria, viruses or fungi. Pneumonia is nearly ordinarily classified by the type of germ that causes it and by the location where the person became infected.

Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. This blazon of pneumonia occurs exterior of a hospital or other healthcare facility. Causes include:

• Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the virtually common bacterial crusade of pneumonia.
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other atypical bacteria: Other types of bacteria with unique features can cause different types of pneumonia. These include Mycoplasma pneumoniae (causes "walking" pneumonia), Chlamydia pneumoniae (causes Chlamydia pneumonia) and Legionella pneumoniae (causes Legionnaires' affliction).
• Viruses: Any virus that causes a respiratory tract infection (infections of the nose, pharynx, trachea [windpipe], and lungs) can crusade pneumonia. The viruses that cause colds and flu (influenza) can cause pneumonia.
• Fungi (molds): Pneumonia caused by fungi is the least common every bit pneumonia. Fungus in the soil in certain parts of the United States can go airborne and cause pneumonia. One example is valley fever.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia develops during a stay in the hospital for another illness. This blazon of pneumonia tin be more serious because the person is already sick and antibiotics typically used may be less effective. Bacteria adjust and alter over time when exposed to antibiotics, making them less effective (called antimicrobial resistance). People in hospitals spread their drug-resistant leaner to others, leading to more astringent and difficult-to-treat cases of pneumonia. People who are on breathing machines (ventilators) are at increased risk for infirmary-caused pneumonia.

Long-term care facility-acquired pneumonia occurs in long-term care facilities (such as nursing homes) or outpatient, extended-stay clinics. Like hospitalized patients, drug-resistant bacteria are found in this setting.

Aspiration pneumonia is some other type of pneumonia. Aspiration is when solid nutrient, liquids, saliva or vomit get down the trachea (windpipe) and into the lungs instead of going down the esophagus and into the stomach. If you lot can't cough upwards these substances, these particles remain in lung tissue and can become infected and pneumonia may develop.

What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial versus viral pneumonia in adults?

Symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild (cold- or influenza-like symptoms) sometimes called "walking pneumonia" to severe. How serious your case of pneumonia depends on the item germ causing pneumonia, your overall health, and your age.

Bacterial pneumonia: Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia tin can develop gradually or suddenly. Symptoms include:

• Loftier fever (upwards to 105° F)
• Tiredness (fatigue)
• Trouble breathing: rapid breathing or shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Chills
• Cough with mucus (might be green in color or incorporate a modest amount of claret)
• Chest pain and/or abdominal pain, particularly with coughing or deep breathing
• Loss of ambition
• Confused mental state or changes in awareness (specially in older adults)

Viral pneumonia: Symptoms usually develop over a menses of several days. Early symptoms are similar to flu symptoms, which include:

• Fever
• Dry cough
• Headache
• Sore throat
• Loss of appetite
• Musculus pain
• Weakness

Additional symptoms appearing about a day later include:

• Higher fever
• Coughing with mucus
• Shortness of breath

How can I tell if I have pneumonia versus the common cold or the flu?

Practice I take a cold or could information technology be the flu or even pneumonia? It'south tough to tell the difference but disquisitional to know when to seek medical care

Sentinel for these ongoing symptoms that occur in pneumonia:

• Serious congestion or chest pain.
• Difficulty animate.
• A fever of 102 or higher.
• Coughing that produces pus.

Pneumonia symptoms last longer than cold and flu. If your symptoms aren't severe, it's okay to effort such home remedies as getting more rest, drinking more fluids and taking some over-the-counter medicines and see what happens. But if y'all don't come across improvement in your symptoms later three to five days, or if yous are experiencing more serious symptoms such as dizziness or severe difficulty breathing, encounter your healthcare provider. Don't allow it become. Pneumonia-similar symptoms in very young children or in adults older than 65 are a cause for business organisation. Also, pneumonia tin cause permanent lung harm if left untreated for also long. And e'er seek immediate care if you experience breast pain or have breathing difficulties.

What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia in children?

The signs and symptoms of pneumonia in children vary from child to child and also depend on your child's age, cause of the infection, and severity of their illness.

Usual symptoms include:

• Fever, chills, full general discomfort, sweating/flushed pare.
• Cough.
• Rapid breathing (tachypnea).
• Difficulty animate, which can exist seen every bit:
  • A widening of nostrils while breathing (nasal flaring)
  • Inward movement of chest wall when a kid breaths in (lower chest in-drawing). With normal breathing, chest moves outward when breathing in.
• Wheezing.
• Pain in chest, especially when coughing or animate deeply.
• Bluish tint to lips or nails due to decreased oxygen level in the claret.
• Loss of appetite.
• Vomiting.
• Increased tiredness (fatigue).

Babies and toddlers may prove these symptoms:

• Cough.
• Fever.
• Difficulty feeding.
• Problem breathing. Makes a grunting audio with animate; noisy or rattly breathing.
• Temporarily terminate breathing during sleep.
• Decreased amount of urine production.
• Pale color
• Appear limp.
• Cry more than usual. Are restless or more fussy.

Adolescents accept the same symptoms as adults, including:

• Coughing.
• Fever.
• Difficulty animate/shortness of breath.
• Chest pain.

Newborns are at greater risk of pneumonia caused by bacteria nowadays in the birth canal. In young children, viruses are the main cause of pneumonia.

Pneumonia caused past bacteria tends to happen all of a sudden, starting with fever and fast animate. Symptoms appear more than slowly and tend to exist less severe when pneumonia is caused by viruses.

Are symptoms of pneumonia different in seniors?

Older adults may have milder symptoms and may non have a fever. A sudden change in mental state is sometimes a sign of pneumonia in this age group.

Is it possible to have pneumonia without having a fever?

Information technology's non the norm only, yes, it'due south possible to accept pneumonia with a low fever or even no fever. If this occurs, information technology'due south unremarkably in the very young (newborns and infants) and in older adults or adults with a weakened allowed arrangement.

What are the complications of pneumonia?

Anyone can experience complications from pneumonia. However, people in high-risk groups are more likely to develop complications, including:

• Breathing difficulties: Pneumonia can make animate difficult. Pneumonia plus an existing lung disorder (such every bit COPD, emphysema, asthma) tin make breathing even more difficult. Breathing difficulties may require a infirmary stay to receive oxygen therapy or breathing and healing assistance with the utilise of a breathing machine (ventilator).
• Fluid buildup in the lungs (called pleural effusion or "water on the lungs"): Pneumonia can cause a buildup in the fluid between the membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest crenel. Information technology is a serious condition that makes breathing difficult. Pleural effusion tin be treated by draining excess fluid with a catheter, chest tube or by surgery.
• Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia): The bacteria that cause pneumonia can go out your lungs and enter your bloodstream, spreading the infection to other organs. This condition is treated with antibiotics.
• Lung abscess. A lung abscess is a pus-filled crenel in the lung that is caused by a bacterial infection. It tin can be treated by draining the pus with a long needle or removing it by surgery.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

Your medico volition do a thorough exam. During your exam he or she will:

• Ask about your health history and conduct a physical exam.
• Listen to your lungs with a stethoscope.
• Maybe order a chest X-ray to look for signs of pneumonia and the extent of the infection.
• Bear a pulse oximetry test to mensurate the amount of oxygen in your claret (indicates how well your lungs are moving oxygen into your bloodstream).
• Gild laboratory tests of your blood and/or fungus to decide the type of infection – bacteria, virus, or fungus – that has caused pneumonia.

If you are a loftier-chance patient, your doctor may lodge other tests.

Management and Treatment

How is pneumonia treated?

How pneumonia is treated depends on the germs that cause it.

• Bacterial pneumonia: Bacterial pneumonia is normally treated with antibiotics. The specific antibody choice depends on such factors as your full general health, other health conditions y'all may have, the type of medications you are currently taking (if any), your recent (if any) use of antibiotics, whatsoever evidence of antibiotic resistance in the local customs and your historic period. Medicines to relieve hurting and lower fever may besides be helpful. Ask your doctor if you should take a cough suppressant. It's important to be able to cough to articulate your lungs.
• Viral pneumonia: Antibiotics are not used to fight viruses. (In some cases antibiotics may be given to fight a bacterial infection that is also present.) There are no treatments for most viral causes of pneumonia. However, if the flu virus is idea to be the cause, antiviral drugs might be prescribed, such equally oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®), or peramivir (Rapivab®), to decrease the length and severity of the illness. Over-the-counter medicines to salve pain and lower fever are usually recommended. Other medicines and therapies such as animate treatments and exercises to loosen mucus may be prescribed by your doctor.
• Fungal pneumonia: Antifungal medication is prescribed if a fungus is the cause of your pneumonia.

Is pneumonia treated whatsoever differently in children?

Essentially no. Just similar adults, bacterial causes of pneumonia in children may be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics are not used to treat pneumonia caused by viruses. Influenza-related pneumonia may be treated with antiviral medicine if caught early in the class of disease. Most cases of pneumonia are treated with "comfort care" measures that ease symptoms. These may include:

• Drinking more fluids.
• Getting more residuum.
• Taking over-the-counter medicines for cough and acetaminophen for fever. Be sure to cheque with your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you take any questions or concerns virtually giving medicines to your child.
• Using a absurd mist humidifier in your child's room.

How soon after treatment for pneumonia volition I begin to feel better?

How soon you will feel ameliorate depends on several factors, including:

• Your age
• The cause of your pneumonia
• The severity of your pneumonia
• If you have other "at-take chances" conditions

If you are generally healthy, nigh symptoms of bacterial pneumonia normally brainstorm to improve within 24 to 48 hours afterwards starting handling. Symptoms of viral pneumonia usually begin to better inside a few days after starting treatment. A cough can concluding for several weeks. Virtually people report being tired for nearly a month subsequently contracting pneumonia.

When would I demand to be hospitalized for pneumonia?

If your case of pneumonia is more astringent, y'all may demand to stay in the hospital for treatment. Infirmary treatments may include:

• Oxygen
• Fluids, antibiotics and other medicines given through an IV (direct into the vein)
• Breathing treatments and exercises to help loosen mucus

People well-nigh probable to be hospitalized are those who are most delicate and/or at increased hazard, including:

• Babies and young children
• People over age 65
• People with weakened immune systems
• People with health weather that affect the heart and lungs

It may take six to eight weeks to return to a normal level of functioning and well-being if you've been hospitalized with pneumonia.

Prevention

Are vaccines available to preclude pneumonia?

Yes, at that place are 2 types of vaccines (shots) specifically approved to preclude pneumonia acquired by pneumococcal bacteria. Similar to a influenza shot, these vaccines won't protect against all types of pneumonia, merely if yous do come down with pneumonia, it'due south less likely to be as severe or potentially life-threatening – particularly for people who are at increased risk for pneumonia.

• Bacterial pneumonia: Two pneumonia vaccines, Pneumovax23® and Prevnar13®, protect against the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia.
  • Pneumovax23® protects against 23 dissimilar types of pneumococcal bacteria. It is recommended for all adults 65 years of age and older and children over 2 years of age who are at increased risk for pneumonia.
  • Prevnar13® protects against 13 types of pneumonia bacteria. It is recommended for all adults 65 years of age and older and children under two years of historic period. Ask your healthcare provider about these vaccines.
• Viral pneumonia: Go a flu vaccine (shot) once every twelvemonth. Influenza vaccines are prepared to protect against that yr'southward virus strain. Having the influenza can make it easier to get bacterial pneumonia.

If you have children, ask their physician about other vaccines they should get. Several babyhood vaccines assist preclude infections caused past the bacteria and viruses that can lead to pneumonia.

Besides vaccination, what else can I do to forestall bacterial and viral pneumonia?

Receiving all recommended vaccinations is ane of the best ways to forestall pneumonia. Additionally, at that place are several other ways to prevent pneumonia, including:

• Quitting smoking, and fugitive secondhand smoke. Smoking damages your lungs.
• Washing your hands earlier eating, before handling food, after using the restroom, and after existence exterior. If soap is not available, employ an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Fugitive being around people who are sick. Ask them to visit when they are feeling better.
• Not touching or sharing objects that are shared with others. Germs can be transferred from object to y'all if you lot touch your nose or mouth without washing or sanitizing your hands commencement.
• Eating a healthy diet, exercise, and get enough remainder. Good for you habits keep your allowed arrangement strong.
• Getting treated for whatsoever other infections or wellness conditions you lot may have. These conditions could weaken your immune system, which could increase your gamble of infections.
• Avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for pneumonia?

People who are otherwise salubrious often recover chop-chop when given prompt and proper intendance. However, pneumonia is a serious condition and can be life-threatening if left untreated and especially for those individuals at increased risk for pneumonia.

Fifty-fifty patients who have been successfully treated and have fully recovered may face long-term health bug. Children who accept recovered from pneumonia accept an increased chance of chronic lung diseases. Adults may experience:

• Decreased power to do
• Worsening of cardiovascular disease
• Mental decline
• General reject in quality of life for months or years

Living With

What can I practise to experience better if I take pneumonia?

• End all medications and therapies prescribed by your doctor. Do not end taking antibiotics when y'all start feeling ameliorate. Continue taking them until no pills remain. If you don't take all your antibiotics, your pneumonia may come up back.
• If over-the-counter medicines to reduce fever have been recommended (aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen), accept as directed on the label. Never give aspirin to children.
• Drink plenty of fluids to assist loosen phlegm.
• Quit smoking if you smoke. Don't be around others who smoke or vape. Environs yourself with as much clean, chemic-free air as possible.
• Use a humidifier, take a steamy shower or bath to get in easier for yous to breathe.
• Go lots of remainder. Don't rush your recovery. It can take weeks to get your total strength back.

If at any time you outset to feel worse, phone call your doctor right away.

When tin I render to piece of work, schoolhouse and regular activities if I have pneumonia?

You lot typically can resume your normal activities if your symptoms are gone, mild or improving and you do not have new or worsening:

• Shortness of breath or tiredness (less free energy)
• Breast pain
• Mucus, fever or cough

If you are generally healthy, most people feel well enough to render to previous activities in about a week. Withal, it may take well-nigh a month to feel totally back to normal.

When should I see a physician?

Call your doctor if you lot:

• Have new or worsening:
  • Shortness of jiff with activities or when lying downward
  • Fever or cough with mucus
  • Tiredness (fatigue)
• Accept a change in ambition (less hunger)
• Feel uneasy and know that something is not right

If you lot or your loved one with symptoms is in a loftier, "at-gamble" group, see your doctor as soon as possible. Pneumonia tin become a life-threatening condition.

When should I go to the emergency room?

Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you:

• Struggle to breathe or are short of breath while sitting yet
• Have new or worsening chest pain
• Are confused or cannot think clearly

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Source: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

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